Autenticación y contradicción de capturas de WhatsApp impugnadas en el proceso penal: revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/s.e.v4i3.109Palabras clave:
Autenticidad; Cadena de custodia; Contradicción; Evidencia digital; Proceso penal; WhatsApp.Resumen
Las capturas o impresiones de WhatsApp reproducen una conversación, aunque no conservan la relación con la fuente, los metadatos y el dispositivo de origen. En consideración de ello, el objetivo fue analizar los criterios de autenticación y las garantías de contradicción aplicables cuando su autenticidad ha sido impugnada en el proceso penal. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de publicaciones comprendidas entre 2021 y 2026. La búsqueda se efectuó en Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection y SciELO; el riesgo de sesgo se valoró mediante MMAT y JBI, mientras que los hallazgos se integraron mediante síntesis narrativa debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios. La búsqueda permitió identificar 33 registros, se eliminaron siete por duplicación y 26 continuaron al cribado, posteriormente se evaluaron nueve estudios y ocho conformaron la síntesis final. Los criterios relacionaron el originador y el dispositivo con la fuente, la adquisición forense, la cadena de custodia, el hash, los metadatos, el contexto y la corroboración. Cabe resaltar que cinco estudios presentaron algunas preocupaciones y tres un riesgo alto, mientras que la inspección visual permitió orientar el examen, aunque no sustituyó la verificación técnica, en virtud de que determinadas herramientas pueden generar conversaciones ficticias semejantes a la interfaz. La captura impugnada no debe aceptarse ni excluirse de manera automática, debido a que su admisión y valoración requieren una base de autenticación proporcional al cuestionamiento y condiciones que permitan examinar la procedencia, integridad, atribución y completitud de la conversación.
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